Economic Causes of Poverty Essay Example for Free

Monetary Causes of Poverty Essay Neediness is the hardship of necessities that that decide the personal satisfaction. These necessities contains the fundamental human needs and better training which legitimately impacts the kind of work and pay earned and empower one to battle neediness. In October 2008 World Bank changed the neediness line to 1. 25 US dollar for each day from 1 US dollar for each day. After update of the destitution line measure, an expected 1. 4 billion individuals were found to live at this destitution line or beneath (Otlin, 2008). There is an upward destitution pattern; for example in 2004, 984 million individuals were living on or beneath the line of measure I. e. 1 US dollar while in 1981, 1. 9 million were living on or underneath the neediness line (Weaver Park, 2007). Among different reasons for destitution, financial causes which incorporate capital flight, joblessness, low pay, out of line property laws and uncalled for exchange has truly made neediness lightening in creating nations a confounded issue in spite of the endeavors of these nations to battle against destitution. Quick progression of cash outside a nation or some other resources ordinarily known as capital flight is a significant monetary reason for destitution. By and large the development is because of shakiness and diminished returns. Financial specialists move their cash starting with one speculation then onto the next, either inside a similar nation or to an alternate nation to stay away from high swelling and quest for security and expanded returns. Capital flight is generally seen in a nation with cash insecurity and once in a while the surges are concentrated therefore influencing the entire money related arrangement of the nation (Epstein, 2005). The loss of certainty and degrading of the influenced nation troubles the residents and their properties lose the ostensible worth. This retreats to decreased buying intensity of advantages of a nation making it over the top expensive to import products. Because of downgrading of the economy’s money, expansion comes in. Therefore, the money unit can just buy less merchandise in this way quickening destitution. Capital flight likewise hampers speculation which may decrease financial development of the creating economies. Joblessness is another financial reason for neediness. It as a rule happens when one is prepared and ready to work yet there is no work for him/her. The deficiencies of fundamental human needs and better training are regularly as consequence of un-work. A nation where there is a higher pace of joblessness, the Growth Domestic Product (GDP) is low since a great many people are not working. Concurring Epstein (2005), joblessness is an essential driver of transient neediness. The second individuals land position, they supplement their earnings and subsequently lessen destitution levels. Sounder further says that neediness increments with increment in joblessness term. Individuals without occupations can be having aptitude which can improve creation, yet since they have not been utilized, their abilities may not be used. This can result is low profitability in the nation. In different cases, un-business can be a social expense to the general public. Issues like wrongdoings, psychological oppression and medication misuse which might be because of neediness, underestimation and joblessness are expensive to dispense with. Cash which can be utilized to ease the expectations for everyday comforts is utilized for battling wrongdoings. Joblessness brings salary imbalance which broadens the hole between the rich and poor people. Winefield (2002), brings up that joblessness prompts delay in experience gain which decreases profitability. Also, in nations which give pursuit of employment recompense, the administration consumption goes high since more individuals are qualified for these remittances. This can drive the administration to diminish cash given to other urgent segments for instance agrarian division which can be a wellspring of work to the country’s populace. Duties may likewise increment because of high government consumption coming about to increment in costs of items. Low salary implies that individuals will have a restricted buying power. Winefield (2002) brings up that, low salary profit place individuals close or on at the neediness line. He further contends that, raising the livelihoods by expanding the wages without excusing their openings for work has verifiably limited neediness rates. As per his exploration discoveries, expanding the lowest pay permitted by law will help decrease destitution levels, anyway negligible. Little family spending plans experience the best effects since they have a constrained buying power. This has encouraged destitution in creating nations. Increments in food costs and a moment steep ascent in rural items is another financial reason for neediness. The ascent in food costs can be ascribed to expanded interest of staple items, higher vitality costs particularly fuel and power which influences transportation and creation expenses of horticultural items and ranch inputs e. g. compost and pesticides. Food costs may likewise ascend because of absence of elective market outlets for agrarian item and low yields of oats (Anker, 2006). Rivalry between modern business associations is solid and energized by advertise economies. In any case, unjustifiable property laws by contenders and utilization of malignant approaches to pick up business mileage e. g. making bogus and direct assault to a contender may frighten off possible financial specialists. Now and again it occurs in spite of the way that a set of principles has been set to prepare for this conduct. Out of line rivalry which involves all demonstrations and works on during mechanical and business exchanges which are in opposition to genuine practices may hamper selling and purchasing of good and administrations. Out of line rivalry may incorporate turmoil caused according to another enterprise’s items or its exercises, demonstrations that are deceiving for example, bogus ramifications of a competitor’s item, and harming the generosity of the contenders. This may prompt uncalled for rivalry which causes decrease in offer of products or administrations. In the long run, this will decipher expanded degrees of neediness in the influenced economies due decreased deals, sends out and different misfortunes that may emerge from uncalled for exchange. All in all, neediness easing is an unpredictable issue to manage. It necessitates that every single applicable partner dispose of their childish intrigue so they can manage the main drivers of neediness. All reasons for destitution extending from monetary, administration, segment and social elements, ecological components, whenever investigated by great administration, straightforwardness in open consumption, reinforcing of the executives limit and improvement of the open assistance conveyance will help in advancing a serious private segment condition for advancement and exchange system progression. This can contribute enormously to neediness mitigation on the planet and particularly in creating nations in Africa, Latin America and East Asia. A reasonable exchange among created and creating nations is major if the topic of destitution in creating nations is ever to be tended to. For example, disturbance of exchange Africa has incredibly influenced the procedure of joining in business. Subsequently neediness levels have expanded subverting and bringing down the jobs of little scope ranchers and makers just as denying the youngsters their privileges. References: Anker, R. , (2006); Poverty Lines the world over: A New Methodology and Internationally Comparable Estimates. Global Labor Review Journal, Vol. 145 Epstein, G. A. , (2005); Capital Flight and Capital Controls in Developing Countries. ISBN 184376931X, 9781843769316, Edward Elgar Publishing. Otlin, J. , (2008); The Causes of Poverty: Thinking Critically about a Key Economic Issue. Diary of Social Education, Vol. 72 Weaver, C. Park, S. , (2007); The Role of the World Bank in Poverty Alleviation and Human Development in the Twenty-First Century: An Introduction. Worldwide Governance Journal, Vol. 13 Winefield, A. H, (2002); Unemployment, Underemployment, Occupational Stress and Psychological Well-Being. Australian Journal of Management, Vol. 27

Grading System Reform Essay example -- Argumentative Persuasive Educat

Evaluating System Reform Educators have constantly utilized evaluations to quantify the sum an understudy has learned. This training is getting ineffectual. Numerous understudies have a wide scope of evaluations, which show that evaluations may not show what an understudy truly knows. Along these lines, the standard evaluating framework ought to be supplanted. A few reasons why evaluations ought to be supplanted are terrible evaluations can frustrate a child’s execution, grades characterize who an understudy is in the study hall, and grades are not a powerful method to check whether understudies have taken in the material. The present evaluating framework ought to be redesigned and each school should fuse the in addition to/short framework in their strategy for reviewing. The open secondary schools started a reviewing framework as a method of telling an individual how they were performing. There was no enthusiasm by the general population in revealing the school’s progress at instructing. Educators, with an end goal to perceive extraordinary entertainers, searched for a method of compensating dedicated understudies for their endeavors The reviewing structure changed from better and great than A’s and B’s. This set a great part of the weight of perceiving scholastic ability on the secondary schools. Blocking a student’s execution with an awful evaluation in the year can make them surrender for the remainder of the year. When an understudy has gotten an awful evaluation they may lose confidence in their scholarly capacity. By surrendering an understudy doesn't mirror their scholastic capacity and their awful evaluations are not founded on what they realized. Understudies are... Evaluating System Reform Essay model - Argumentative Persuasive Educat Evaluating System Reform Educators have constantly utilized evaluations to gauge the sum an understudy has learned. This training is getting incapable. Numerous understudies have a wide scope of evaluations, which show that evaluations may not show what an understudy truly knows. Accordingly, the standard evaluating framework ought to be supplanted. A few reasons why evaluations ought to be supplanted are awful evaluations can block a child’s execution, grades characterize who an understudy is in the study hall, and grades are not a successful method to check whether understudies have taken in the material. The present reviewing framework ought to be redesigned and each school should join the in addition to/less framework in their strategy for evaluating. The open secondary schools started a reviewing framework as a method of telling an individual how they were performing. There was no enthusiasm by people in general in announcing the school’s progress at educating. Educators, with an end goal to perceive remarkable entertainers, searched for a method of remunerating persevering understudies for their endeavors The reviewing structure changed from better and phenomenal than A’s and B’s. This put a great part of the weight of perceiving scholastic ability on the secondary schools. Ruining a student’s execution with an awful evaluation in the year can make them surrender for the remainder of the year. When an understudy has gotten a terrible evaluation they may lose confidence in their scholastic capacity. By surrendering an understudy doesn't mirror their scholarly capacity and their terrible evaluations are not founded on what they realized. Understudies are...

How to Manage ADHD Medication Rebound

How to Manage ADHD Medication Rebound ADHD Treatment Print How to Manage an ADHD Medication Rebound By Keath Low Keath Low, MA, is a therapist and clinical scientist with the Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities at the University of North Carolina. She specializes in treatment of ADD/ADHD. Learn about our editorial policy Keath Low Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 30, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on October 21, 2019 ADHD Overview Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Living With In Children Camille Tokerud/Getty Images Your child is doing well on ADHD medicationâ€"until it starts to wear off. Then, she suddenly develops a whole range of severe mood and behavior symptoms. If this sounds familiar, youre not alone. Your child is likely experiencing what is often referred to as medication rebound. A small percentage of children with ADHD do experience these rebound effects at the tail-end of their medication dosing. As the medicines effect wears off, people sometimes experience negative side effects such as a marked change in their demeanor, excessive moodiness, irritability, anger, nervousness, sadness, crying, fatigue, and even an increase in the severity of ADHD symptoms. The effects can be very impairing and troubling, and it is important to address this issue with the doctor so that it may be corrected. Rebound vs. Side Effects Medication rebound is not the same thing as a side effect. Side effects are negative reactions to the medication itself. A headache, stomach ache, or loss of appetite can all be side effects of ADHD medications, and in most cases, these become less of an issue over the course of the first weeks of medication. Rebound, however, is a result of the speed at which your particular child metabolizes the medication. Yes, she may be taking a four-hour pill, but thats an average duration of effectiveness. Your particular child may metabolize the medication more rapidly or slowly. If your child happens to have a fairly high metabolism, he may experience a quick drop off in medication effectiveness before its time for the next dose. Managing Side Effects of ADHD Medications The Negative Impacts of Medication Rebound Often, medication rebound occurs after school and before bedtime. It may result from the reality that there is no nurse available to remind your child that its time for medicationâ€"and, in many cases, parents are still at work or are distracted by the demands of dinner and other household chores. This is the period of time during which children tend to socialize and take part in after-school activities. Friendships and team memberships depend upon your childs ability to respond to a coachs instructions, collaborate with friends, or simply hang out and chat without taking over or giving offense. If medication rebound occurs at school, it can interfere with your childs sense of well-being as well as their educational, social, and personal success. How to Avoid Medication Rebound Talk to your childs doctor about your concerns. Rebound tends to occur more frequently with the shorter-acting stimulants that can move out of your childs system quickly. Sometimes doctors will add a very small dose of immediate-release medicine about an hour before this rebound effect occurs so that the transition off the medicine is smoother. For some people, the rebound effect is reduced in the longer-acting stimulants which move out of ones system more gradually. As always, good communication with the doctor is essential in correcting any negative side effects that are occurring with the medication, as well as monitoring overall treatment progress.

Impact of Emerging Markets on Marketing - 15122 Words

Jagdish N. Sheth Impact of Emerging Markets on Marketing: Rethinking Existing Perspectives and Practices The core idea of this article is that five key characteristics—market heterogeneity, sociopolitical governance, chronic shortage of resources, unbranded competition, and inadequate infrastructure—of emerging markets are radically different from the traditional industrialized capitalist society, and they will require us to rethink the core assumptions of marketing, such as market orientation, market segmentation, and differential advantage. To accommodate these characteristics, we must rethink the marketing perspective (e.g., from differential advantage to market aggregation and standardization) and the core guiding strategy concepts†¦show more content†¦Therefore, the fundamental question to consider is this: Will the emerging markets be driven by marketing as we know it today, or will the emerging markets drive future marketing practice and the discipline? Several factors are responsible for the growth of the emerging markets. First, economic reforms in Brazil , Russia, India, and China (BRIC) have unlocked markets protected by ideology and socialism. As a result, some of the best capitalist markets today are ex-communist or ex-socialist countries. This policy change has resulted in creating altogether new markets for branded products and services. Second, all advanced countries are aging, and aging very rapidly. As a consequence, their domestic markets are either Journal of Marketing Vol. 75 (July 2011), 166–182  © 2011, American Marketing Association ISSN: 0022-2429 (print), 1547-7185 (electronic) 166 stagnant or growing very slowly. Their future growth seems more destined to come from emerging markets. Third, worldwide liberalization of trade and investment, bilateral trade agreements, and regional economic integrations such as the ASEAN, Mercosur, and the European Union have resulted in global competition and global product and service offerings with unprecedented choices of branded products, especially in emerging markets. Finally, the emergence of the new middle class, especially in large population markets such asShow MoreRelatedImpact Of Emerging Markets On Marketing : Rethinking Existing Perspectives And Practices1074 Words   |  5 Pages CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Research on emerging markets is not just a â€Å"nice thing to do†; it is increasingly becoming a necessity. (Jagadish N Seth, 2011). In his article titled, â€Å"Impact of Emerging Markets on Marketing: Rethinking Existing Perspectives and Practices† published in Journal of Marketing, 2011 he has specified the importance of academic research for understanding Emerging Markets. Emerging markets are those lower-incomes but rapid-growth countries that are using economic liberalizationRead MoreReflection on Impact of Emerging Markets on Marketing: Rethinking Existing Perspectives and Practices1858 Words   |  8 Pagesdeveloped countries’ markets were the most attractive. However, new attractive markets and new players have emerged from areas outside the developed world. These new markets such as the BRICs and the MISTs have large populations, high economic growth and increasing demands for goods. Also, they are expected to surpass the developed economies by 2050 (Goldman Sachs, 2003). According to Jagdish N. Sheth, the emerging markets have impacted both the theory and the practice of marketing. The reason is veryRead MoreGlobalization and Analysis of Lenovo in an International Market1297 Words   |  6 Pagescooperate to solve. In the multipolar world , the BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China) ,G20 such emerging economics have an more impact to th e world. World multiplarization and economic globalization make the emerging market developing very fast which stimulate the booming of EMMNs (Emerging Market Multinationals). Here is some data already illustrates these new changes. Developing markets accounted for 60% of incremental world GDP from 2000 to 2010. Over the next decade, most of the world’sRead MoreSwot Analysis of PG1235 Words   |  5 Pagesconsumer goods company in the world. It markets 300+ brands in more than 180 countries. P and G is engaged in diverse products like beauty, health, fabric, snacks and many more. P and G’s leading market position with its strong brand portfolio provides it with a significant competitive advantage. But there are lot of external factors like economic slowdown, environmental factors, etc which pose a threat to P and G’s progress. Internal factors also have a large impact on the company’s growth. Thus itRead MoreImpact Of Marketing On The Business Industry1306 Wor ds   |  6 PagesThe world has seen major changes throughout the years that is having a major impact on marketing. The increase in travel and globalization has affected the way companies market products to consumers because they are no longer dealing with a homogenous population. Furthermore, advances in technology have changed the way companies interact with consumers. Traditionally, companies would place ads on television, newspapers and the radio, but now there are increased ways that companies can reach consumersRead MoreThe Air Travel Market Through Its Flight Efficiency Services1522 Words   |  7 Pagescurrent market needs more optimally than the competitors’ can (Ohlhorst 2013). Moreover, the company has completely revolutionized the air travel market through its Flight Efficiency Services (FES), using the Industrial Internet to help Air Asia achieve efficiency by implementing precision navigation services, flight data analytics fuel management services, and now using it to make changes to customer expectations. GE products are now making it a lead player in the Asia aviation market GE data-drivenRead MoreMarketing Strategy Of Coca Cola1346 Words   |  6 PagesMarketing is the backbone of any company. From planning to supply chain, the performance of a company will be dependent on how good the product produced is going to be marketed. If the marketing strategy fail, all efforts put in finance, production, planning and supply chain will be in vain. Coca Cola has been one of the marketing gurus in India breaking all the national cultural barriers in its way. The nature of international marketing strategies is the foundations of getting a better share ofRead MoreThe Challenges Of Emerging Markets1590 Words   |  7 PagesFor businesses, emerging market has developed into a very well chosen destination for a firm operating well in their own country which is looking for expansion. Developed markets usually hint at the considerations to per capita income. Limited growth opportunity and emerging market economies usually expect an availability of a larger amount of growth opportunity. In saying that, to maximize shareholders return and business enjoy showing their strength in their own country, companies showing interestRead MoreThe Bottom Of The Pyramid1284 Words   |  6 PagesIn marketing, the term â€Å"bottom of the pyramid† is used to distinguish the largest, but poorest socio-economic groups. According to Global Issues , this is the 3 billion people who live on less than $2.50 per day. There were a lot of debates around the BoP markets – whether they are fast-growing markets or should global companies not waste their time and money on serving them. But today most organizations realize that targeting low-income markets can be profitable. Global companies, such as SiemensRead MoreLiterature Review-Fdi in Retail1349 Words   |  6 PagesRETAIL MARKETING PROJECT INTERIM REPORT LITERATURE REVIEW AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF THE GROWTH PROSPECTS AND PROFITABILITY OF FDI IN RETAIL SEGMENTS OF INDIA Submitted to: Prof. Sapna Parashar Date: 23-07-2008 Submitted by: Arnab Sinha 071108 INDEX INDEX 2 CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS 3 Summary of Retail Market in India and FDI in Indian Retail 3

Alzheimers Disease Essay - 2090 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Alzheimer’s disease is relentlessly destroying the brains and lives of our nation’s older adults, robbing them of memory, the ability to reason, and affecting their emotions and behavior. Alzheimer’s disease is a degenerative disorder of the brain. The longer we live the greater the risk: one out of every two Americans aged 85 and older and one out of every 10 aged 65 and older are afflicted with the disease. It affects two groups of people: those with the disease and the loved ones who care for them. By the year 2050, an estimated 14 million Americans will be in its grip. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive disease of the brain, which is characterized by a gradual loss of†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The first signs of Alzheimer’s disease include difficulty in remembering recent events and performing familiar everyday tasks. As the disease progresses, the affected person may experience confusion, personality and behavior changes, impaired judgment, and difficulty finding words, finishing thoughts, or following directions. In the early and middle stages of AD, people with the illness may be painfully aware of their intellectual failings and what is yet to come. These changes occur at widely varying speeds in different people, and not all changes occur in everyone, but the outcome is always the same. Eventually, people with Alzheimer’s disease completely lose the ability to care for themselves and must be confined to bed with constant care. In the latest stages of disease the brain can no longer regulate body functions, and victims die of malnutrition, dehydration, infection, heart failure, or other complications. Alzheimer’s disease progresses slowly, taking between three to eighteen years to advance from the earliest symptoms to death; the average duration of the disease is eight years. Unfortunately, science has not yet found a cure. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Dr. Alois Alzheimer, who discovered Alzheimer’s disease, was a gifted German scientist who was born in the mid-nineteenth century. Though he will be forever linked to the disease that bearsShow MoreRelatedAlzheimers Disease945 Words   |  4 PagesAlzheimer’s Disease Alzheimer’s Disease is a progressive neurological disease; it often attacks the brain tissues causing memory loss of one’s identity and regular behaviors. Statistics indicates that the rate of predicted people to get Alzheimer’s will increase briskly as time goes on. There are currently no cures for such disastrous disease, but there are currently approved treatments available that can help people within the early stages of Alzheimer’s. Once the disease is too far alongRead MoreAlzheimers Disease3170 Words   |  13 PagesThe Role of Caregiving to Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease Megan Zann April 27, 2012 Health Psychology Dr. Ackerman Introduction It is normal to periodically forget your keys or a homework assignment, because you generally remember these things later. However, individuals who suffer from Alzheimer’s disease may forget things more often, but they do not remember them again. The incidence of Alzheimer’s disease has dramatically increased because people are living longer. This is a result ofRead MoreEssay on Alzheimers Disease1503 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Alzheimer’s disease is a form of dementia that gets worse over time. It leads to nerve cell death, and tissue loss throughout the brain. Over time, the brain shrinks dramatically, affecting nearly all its functions. It gradually destroys a persons memory and ability to learn and carry out daily activities such as talking, eating, and going to the bathroom† (What Is Alzheimer’s). Early symptoms include personality changes, memory impairment, problems with language, decision-making ability, judgmentRead MoreAlzheimers Dis ease Essay2414 Words   |  10 PagesAlzheimers Disease Alzheimer’s disease is the disease of the century. This disease is affecting many lives, families, and caregivers. This research presented is to help educate on the topic of Alzheimer’s disease, which many people aren’t aware enough about. Statistics are given to show how extreme this disease is, and how many people it’s affecting in society. Also statistics are presented that give the amount of money being spent relating to Alzheimer’s disease. This research explainsRead MoreAlzheimer’s Disease Essay2544 Words   |  11 PagesAlzheimer’s disease defined: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive, terminal, degenerative brain disease. It is the fourth leading cause of death in adults and currently affects over four million people in the United States. This number is expected to increase over the next several years as the baby boomers age, until it reaches fourteen million by the year 2025. Alzheimer disease generally occurs in people over seventy five years of age; however it does strike people in their forties, fiftiesRead MoreEssay on Alzheimers Disease2405 Words   |  10 PagesAlzheimers Disease is a condition that affects 50% of the population over the age of eighty five, which equals four million Americans each year. It is becoming an important and high-profile issue in todays society for everyone. There are rapid advancements being made in the fight against this disease now more than ever, and the purpose of this essay is to educate the public on the background as well as the new discoveries. There are many new drugs that are being tested and studied every day whichRead MoreEssay on Alzheimers Disease813 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Topic: Alzheimer’s Disease Specific Purpose: To help my audience understand what Alzheimer’s Disease is. Thesis Statement: The need to educate people on Alzheimer’s Disease for family members or friends in-case a loved one is diagnosed. Introduction: A. What would one do if their family member or friend knew of someone who was diagnosed with Alzheimer’s Disease? What would they do to help or take care of this family member? Well, I work in a nursing home with the elderly with this diseaseRead MoreAlzheimers Disease Essay2168 Words   |  9 PagesAlzheimer’s disease or AD is an incurable disorder of the brain that results in loss of normal brain structure and function. In an AD brain, normal brain tissue is slowly replaced by structures called plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. The plaques represent a naturally occurring sticky protein called beta amyloid and in an Alzheimer’s brain, sufferer’s tend to accumulate too much of this protein. Neurofibrillary tangles represent collapsed tau proteins which, in a normal brain along with microtubulesRead MoreEssay on Alzheimers Disease 512 Words   |  3 Pagesmajor medical advancements like the world has never seen before, some diseases still continue t o plague the human race and confuse even some of the brightest scientists today. Unfortunately, Alzheimer Disease (AD) is one of them and it affects between 2.4 and 4.5 million people in America. Alzheimer’s is usually diagnosed in people over the age of 65, but in rarer cases people as young as 16 have it. Since it is a degenerative disease, patients develop it with few symptoms at an earlier stage, but thenRead More Alzheimer’s Disease Essay1176 Words   |  5 PagesAlzheimer’s Disease Alzheimer’s Disease is a disease of the future. With the growing aged population, this disease, which affects primarily the elderly, will become of increasing relevance to the medical profession. Also, the high frequency of Alzheimer’s, and the high cost in labor, money, and material of caring for its victims shall put considerable burden on the society as a whole. Here, however, these issues are not going to be debated. Instead the pathology of Alzheimer’s will be reviewed

Fool Chapter 6 Free Essays

string(33) " adding duties to your devotion\." SIX FRIENDSHIP AND THE ODD BONK Life is loneliness, broken only by the gods taunting us with friendship and the odd bonk. I admit it, I grieved. Perhaps I am a fool to have expected Cordelia to stay. We will write a custom essay sample on Fool Chapter 6 or any similar topic only for you Order Now (Well, yes, I am a fool – don’t be overly clever, eh? It’s annoying.) But for most of my manly years she had been the lash on my back, the bait to my loins, and the balm of my imagination – my torment, my tonic, my fever, my curse. I ache for her. There is no comfort in the castle. Drool gone, Taster gone, Lear gone mad. At best, Drool was little more company than Jones, and decidedly less portable, but I worry for him, great child that he is, stumbling about in the circle of so many villains and so much sharp metal. I miss his gape-toothed smile, filled as it was with forgiveness, acceptance, and often, cheddar. And Taster, what did I know of him, really? Just a wan lad from Hog Nostril on Thames. Yet when I needed a sympathetic ear, he provided, even if he was oft distracted from my woes by his own selfish dietary concerns. I lay on my bed in the portislodge staring out the cruciform arrow loops at the grey bones of London, stewing in my misery, yearning for my friends. For my first friend. For Thalia. The anchoress. On a chill autumn day at Dog Snogging, the third time I was allowed to bring food to the anchoress, we became fast friends. I was still in awe of her, and merely being in her presence made me feel base, unworthy, and profane, but in a good way. I passed the plate of rough brown bread and cheese through the cross in the wall with prayers and a plea for her forgiveness. â€Å"This fare will do, Pocket. It will do. I’ll forgive you for a song.† â€Å"You must be a most pious lady and have great love for the Lord.† â€Å"The Lord is a tosser.† â€Å"I thought the Lord was a shepherd?† â€Å"Well, that, too. But a bloke needs hobbies. Do you know ‘Greensleeves’?† â€Å"I know ‘Dona Nobis Pacem.'† â€Å"Do you know any pirate songs?† â€Å"I could sing ‘Dona Nobis Pacem’ like a pirate.† â€Å"It means give us peace, in Latin, doesn’t it?† â€Å"Aye, mistress.† â€Å"Bit of a stretch then, innit, a pirate singing give us bloody peace?† â€Å"I suppose. I could sing you a psalm, then, mistress.† â€Å"All right, then, Pocket, a psalm it is – one with pirates and loads of bloodshed, if you have it.† I was nervous, desperate for approval from the anchoress, and afraid that if I displeased her I might be struck down by an avenging angel, as seemed to happen often in scripture. Try as I might, I could not recall any piraty psalms. I cleared my throat and sang the only psalm I knew in English: â€Å"The Lord is my tosser, I shall not want – â€Å" â€Å"Wait, wait, wait,† said the anchoress. â€Å"Doesn’t it go, ‘the Lord is my shepherd’?† â€Å"Well, yes, mistress, but you said – â€Å" And she started to laugh. It was the first time I heard her truly laugh and it felt as if I was getting approval from the Virgin herself. In the dark chamber, just the single candle on my side of the cross, it seemed like her laughter was all around me, embracing me. â€Å"Oh, Pocket, you are a love. Thick as a bloody brick, but such a love.† I could feel the blood rise in my face. I was proud and embarrassed and ecstatic all at once. I didn’t know what to do, so I fell to my knees and prostrated myself before the arrow loop, pushing my cheek against the stone floor. â€Å"I’m sorry, mistress.† She laughed some more. â€Å"Arise, Sir Pocket of Dog Snogging.† I climbed to my feet and stared into the dark cross-shaped hole in the wall, and there I saw that dull star that was her eye reflecting the candle flame and I realized that there were tears in my own eyes. â€Å"Why did you call me that?† â€Å"Because you make me laugh and you are deserving and valiant. I think we’re going to be very good friends.† I started to ask her what she meant, but the iron latch clanked and the door into the passageway swung slowly open. Mother Basil was there, holding a candelabra, looking displeased. â€Å"Pocket, what’s going on here?† said the mother superior in her gruff baritone. â€Å"Nothing, Reverend Mother. I’ve just given food to the anchoress.† Mother Basil seemed reluctant to enter the passageway, as if she was afraid to be in view of the arrow loop that looked into the anchoress’s chamber. â€Å"Come along, Pocket. It’s time for evening prayers.† I bowed quickly to the anchoress and hurried out the door under Mother Basil’s arm. As the sister closed the door, the anchoress called, â€Å"Reverend Mother, a moment, please.† Mother Basil’s eyes went wide and she looked as if she’d been called out by the devil. â€Å"Go on to vespers, Pocket. I’ll be along.† She made her way into the dead-end passageway and closed the door behind her even as the bell calling us to vespers began to toll. I wondered what the anchoress would discuss with Mother Basil, perhaps some conclusion she had realized during her hours of prayer, perhaps I had been found wanting and she would ask that I not be sent to her again. After just making my first friend, I was sorely afraid of losing her. While I repeated the prayers in Latin after the priest, in my heart I prayed to God to not take my anchoress away, and when mass ended, I stayed in the chapel and prayed until well after the midnight prayers. Mother Basil found me in the chapel. â€Å"There are going to be some changes, Pocket.† I felt my spirit drop into my shoe soles. â€Å"Forgive me, Reverend Mother, for I know not what I do.† â€Å"What are you on about, Pocket? I’m not scolding you. I’m adding duties to your devotion. You read "Fool Chapter 6" in category "Essay examples"† â€Å"Oh,† said I. â€Å"From now on, you are to take food and drink to the anchoress in the hour before vespers, and there in the outer chamber, shall you sit until she has eaten, but upon the bell for vespers you are to leave there, and not return until the next day. No longer than an hour shall you stay, do you understand?† â€Å"Yes, mum, but why only the hour?† â€Å"More than that and you will interfere with the anchoress’s own communion with God. Further, you are never to ask her about where she was before this, about her family, or her past in any way. If she should speak of these things you are to immediately put your fingers in your ears, and verily sing ‘la, la, la, la, I can’t hear you, I can’t hear you,’ and leave the chamber immediately.† â€Å"I can’t do that, mum.† â€Å"Why not?† â€Å"I can’t work the latch to the outer door with my fingers in my ears.† â€Å"Ah, sweet Pocket, I do so love your wit. I think you shall sleep on the stone floor this night, the rug shields you from the blessed cooling of your fevered imagination, which God finds an abomination. Yes, a light beating and the bare stone for you and your wit tonight.† â€Å"Yes, mum.† â€Å"And so, you must never speak with the anchoress about her past, and if you should, you shall be excommunicated and damned for all eternity with no hope for redemption, the light of the Lord shall never fall upon you, and you shall live in darkness and pain for ever and ever. And in addition, I shall have Sister Bambi feed you to the cat.† â€Å"Yes, mum,† said I. I was so thrilled I nearly peed. I would be blessed by the glory of the anchoress every single day. â€Å"Well that’s a scaly spot o’ snake wank,† said the anchoress. â€Å"No, mum, it’s a cracking big cat.† â€Å"Not the cat, the hour a day. Only an hour a day?† â€Å"Mother Basil doesn’t want me to disturb your communion with God, Madame Anchoress.† I bowed before the dark arrow loop. â€Å"Call me Thalia.† â€Å"I daren’t, mum. And neither may I ask you about your past or from whence you come. Mother Basil has forbidden it.† â€Å"She’s right on that, but you may call me Thalia, as we are friends.† â€Å"Aye, mum. Thalia.† â€Å"And you may tell me of your past, good Pocket. Tell me of your life.† â€Å"But, Dog Snogging is all I know – all I have ever known.† I could hear her laughing in the dark. â€Å"Then, tell me a story from your lessons, Pocket.† So I told the anchoress of the stoning of St. Stephen, of the persecution of St. Sebastian, and the beheading of St. Valentine, and she, in turn, told me stories of the saints I had never heard of in catechism. â€Å"And so,† said Thalia, â€Å"that is the story of how St. Rufus of Pipe-wrench was licked to death by marmots.† â€Å"That sounds a most horrible martyring,† said I. â€Å"Aye,† said the anchoress, â€Å"for marmot spit is the most noxious of all substances, and that is why St. Rufus is the patron of saliva and halitosis unto this day. Enough martyring, tell me of some miracles.† And so I did. I told of the magic, self-filling milk pail of St. Bridgid of Kildare, of how St. Fillan, after his ox was killed by a wolf, was able to compel the same wolf to pull a cart full of materials for building a church, and how St. Patrick drove the snakes out of Ireland. â€Å"Aye,† said Thalia, â€Å"and snakes have been grateful ever since. But let me apprise you of the most wondrous miracle of how St. Cinnamon drove the Mazdas out of Swinden.† â€Å"I’ve never heard of St. Cinnamon,† said I. â€Å"Well, that is because these nuns at Dog Snogging are base and not worthy to know such things, and why you must never share what you learn here with them lest they become overwhelmed and succumb to an ague.† â€Å"An ague of over-piety?† â€Å"Aye, lad, and you will be the one to have killed them.† â€Å"Oh, I would never want to do that.† â€Å"Of course you wouldn’t. Did you know, in Portugal they canonize a saint by actually shooting him out of a cannon?† And so it went, day in, day out, week in, week out, trading secrets and lies with Thalia. You might think that it was cruel of her to spend her only time in contact with the outside world telling lies to a little boy, but then, the first story that Mother Basil had told me was about a talking snake who gave tainted fruit to naked people, and the bishop had made her an abbess. All along what Thalia was teaching me was how to entertain her. How to share a moment in story and laughter – how you could become close to someone, even when separated from them by a stone wall. Once a month for the first two years the bishop came from York to check on the anchoress, and she would seem to lose her spirit for a day, as if he were skimming it off and taking it away, but soon she would recover and our routine of chat and laughter would go on. After a few years the bishop stopped coming, and I was afraid to ask Mother Basil why, lest it be a reminder and the dour prelate resume his spirit-sucking sojourns. The longer the anchoress was in her chamber, the more she delighted in my conveying the most mundane details from the outside. â€Å"Tell me of the weather today, Pocket. Tell me of the sky, and don’t skip a single cloud.† â€Å"Well, the sky looked like someone was catapulting giant sheep into the frosty eye of God.† â€Å"Fucking winter. Crows against the sky?† â€Å"Aye, Thalia, like a vandal with quill and ink set loose to randomly punctuate the very dome of day.† â€Å"Ah, well spoken, love, completely incoherent imagery.† â€Å"Thank you, mistress.† While about my chores and studies I tried to take note of every detail and construct metaphors in my head so I might paint word pictures for my anchoress, who depended on me to be her light and color. My days seemed to begin at four when I came to Thalia’s chamber, and end at five, when the bell rang for vespers. Everything before was in preparation for that hour, and everything after, until sleep, was in sweet remembrance. The anchoress taught me how to sing – not just the hymns and chants I had been singing from the time I was little, but the romantic songs of the troubadours. With simple, patient instruction, she taught me how to dance, juggle, and perform acrobatics, and all by verbal description – not once in those years had I laid eyes on the anchoress, or seen more than her partial profile at the arrow loop. I grew older and fuzz sprouted on my cheek – my voice broke, making me sound as if a small goose was trapped in my gullet, honking for her supper. The nuns at Dog Snogging started to take notice of me as something other than their pet, for many were sent to the abbey when they were no older than I. They would flirt and ask me for a song, a poem, a story, the more bawdy the better, and the anchoress had taught me many of those. Where she had learned them, she would never say. â€Å"Were you an entertainer before you became a nun?† â€Å"No, Pocket. And I am not a nun.† â€Å"But, perhaps your father – â€Å" â€Å"No, my father was not a nun either.† â€Å"I mean, was he an entertainer?† â€Å"Sweet Pocket, you mustn’t ask about my life before I came here. What I am now, I have always been, and everything I am is here with you.† â€Å"Sweet Thalia,† said I. â€Å"That is a fiery flagon of dragon toss.† â€Å"Isn’t it, though?† â€Å"You’re grinning, aren’t you?† She held the candle close to the arrow loop, illuminating her wry smile. I laughed, and reached through the cross to touch her cheek. She sighed, took my hand and pressed it hard against her lips, then, in an instant, she had pushed my hand away and moved out of the light. â€Å"Don’t hide,† said I. â€Å"Please don’t hide.† â€Å"Fat lot of choice I have about whether I hide or not. I live in a bloody tomb.† I didn’t know what to say. Never before had she complained about her choice to become the anchoress of Dog Snogging, even if other expressions of her faith seemed – well – abstract. â€Å"I mean don’t hide from me. Let me see you.† â€Å"You want to see? You want to see?† I nodded. â€Å"Give me your candles.† She had me hand four lit candles through the arrow loop. Whenever I performed for her she had me set them in holders around the outer chamber so she could see me dance, or juggle, or do acrobatics, but never had she asked for more than one candle in her own chamber. She placed the candles around her chamber and for the first time I could see the stone pallet where she slept on a mattress of straw, her meager possessions laid out on a heavy table, and Thalia, standing there in a tattered linen frock. â€Å"Look,† she said. She pulled her frock over her head and dropped it on the floor. She was the most beautiful thing I had ever seen. She looked younger than I had imagined, thin, but womanly – her face was that of a mischievous Madonna, as if carved by a sculptor inspired more by desire than the divine. Her hair was long and the color of buckskin, catching the candlelight as if a single ray of sunlight might make it explode in golden fire. I felt a heat rise in my face, and another kind of rise in my trousers. I was excited and confused and ashamed all at once, and I turned my back on the arrow loop and cried out. â€Å"No!† Suddenly, she was right behind me, and I felt her hand on my shoulder, then rubbing my neck. â€Å"Pocket. Sweet Pocket, don’t. It’s all right.† â€Å"I feel like the Devil and the Virgin are doing battle in my body. I didn’t know you were like that.† â€Å"Like a woman, you mean?† Her hand was warm and steady, kneading the muscles in my shoulder through the cross in the wall and I leaned into it. I wanted to turn and look, I wanted to run out of the chamber, I wanted to be asleep, or just waking – ashamed that the Devil had visited me in the night with a damp dream of temptation. â€Å"You know me, Pocket. I’m your friend.† â€Å"But you are the anchoress.† â€Å"I’m Thalia, your friend, who loves you. Turn around, Pocket.† And I did. â€Å"Give me your hand,† said she. And I did. She put it on her body, and she put her hands on mine, and pressed against the cold stone. Through the cross in the wall, I discovered a new universe – of Thalia’s body, of my body, of love, of passion, of escape – and it was a damn sight better than bloody chants and juggling. When the bell rang for vespers we fell away from the cross, spent and gasping, and we began to laugh. Oh, and I had chipped a tooth. â€Å"One for the Devil, then, love?† said Thalia. When I arrived with the anchoress’s supper the next afternoon she was waiting with her face pressed nearly through the center of the arrow cross – she looked like one of the angel-faced gargoyles that flanked the main doors of Dog Snogging, except they always seemed to be weeping and she was grinning. â€Å"So, didn’t go to confession today, did you?† I shuddered. â€Å"No, mum, I worked in the scriptorium most of the day.† â€Å"Pocket, I think I would prefer you not call me mum, if it’s not too much to ask. Given the new level of our friendship it seems – oh, I don’t know – unsavory.† â€Å"Yes, m – uh – mistress.† â€Å"Mistress I can work with. Now, pass me my supper and see if you can fit your face in the opening the way that I have.† Thalia’s cheekbones were wedged in the arrow loop, which was little wider than my hand. â€Å"Doesn’t that hurt?† I’d been finding abrasions on my arms and various bits all day from our adventure the night before. â€Å"It’s not the flaying of St. Bart, but, yes, it stings a bit. You can’t confess what we did, or what we do, love? You know that, right?† â€Å"Then am I going to have to go to hell?† â€Å"Well – † She pulled back, rolled her eyes as if searching the ceiling for an answer. † – not alone. Give us our supper, lad, and get your face in the loop, I have something to teach you.† And so it went for weeks and months. I went from being a mediocre acrobat to a talented contortionist, and Thalia seemed to regain some of the life that I had thought sure she’d lost. She was not holy in the sense that the priests and nuns taught, but she was full of spirit and a different kind of reverence. More concerned with this life, this moment, than an eternity beyond the reach of the cross in the wall. I adored her, and I wanted her to be out of the chamber, in the world, with me, and I began to plan her escape. But I was but a boy, and she was bloody barking, so it was not meant to be. â€Å"I’ve stolen a chisel from a mason who passed by on his way to work on the minster at York. It will take some time, but if you work on a single stone, you might escape in summer.† â€Å"You are my escape, Pocket. The only escape I can ever allow myself.† â€Å"But we could run off, be together.† â€Å"That would be smashing, except I can’t leave. So, hop up and get your tackle in the cross. Thalia’s a special treat for you.† I never seemed to make my point once my tackle went in the cross. Distracted, I was. But I learned, and while I was forbidden confession – and to tell the truth, I didn’t feel that badly about it – I began to share what I had learned. â€Å"Thalia, I must confess to you, I have told Sister Nikki about the little man in the boat.† â€Å"Really? Told her or showed her?† â€Å"Well, showed her, I reckon. But she seems a bit thick. She kept making me show her over and over – asked me to meet her in the cloisters to show her again after vespers tonight.† â€Å"Ah, the joy of being slow. Still, it’s a sin to be selfish with one’s knowledge.† â€Å"That’s what I thought,† said I, relieved. â€Å"And speaking of the little man in the boat, I believe there is one on this side of the loop who has been naughty and requires a thorough tongue-lashing.† â€Å"Aye, mistress,† said I, wedging my cheeks into the arrow loop. â€Å"Present the rascal for punishment.† And so it went. I was the only person I knew who had calluses on his cheekbones, but I had also developed the arms and grip of a blacksmith from suspending myself with my fingertips wedged between the great stones to extend my bits through the arrow loop. And thus I hung, spread spiderlike across the wall, my business being tended to, frantic and friendly, by the anchoress, when the bishop entered the antechamber. (The bishop entered the antechamber? The bishop entered the antechamber? At this point you’re going coy on us, euphemizing about parts and positions when you’ve already confessed to mutual violation with a holy woman through a bloody arrow slot? Well, no.) The actual sodding Bishop of Bloody York entered the sodding antechamber with Mother sodding Basil, who bore a brace of sodding storm lanterns. And so I let go. Unfortunately, Thalia did not. It appeared that her grip, too, had been strengthened by our encounters on the wall. â€Å"What the hell are you doing, Pocket?† said the anchoress. â€Å"What are you doing?† asked Mother Basil. I hung there, more or less suspended to the wall by three points, one of them not covered by shoes. â€Å"Ahhhhhhhhh!† said I. I was finding it somewhat difficult to think. â€Å"Give us a little slack, lad,† said Thalia. â€Å"This is meant to be more of a dance, not a tug-of-war.† â€Å"The bishop is out here,† said I. She laughed. â€Å"Well, tell him to get in the queue and I’ll tend to him when we’re finished.† â€Å"No, Thalia, he’s really out here.† â€Å"Oh toss,† said she, releasing my knob. I fell to the floor and quickly rolled onto my stomach. Thalia’s face was at the arrow loop. â€Å"Evening, your grace.† A big grin there. â€Å"Fancy a spot of stony bonking before vespers?† The bishop turned so quickly his miter went half-past on his head. â€Å"Hang him,† he said. He snatched one of Mother Basil’s lanterns and walked out of the chamber. â€Å"Bloody brown bread you serve tastes like goat scrotum!† Thalia called after. â€Å"A lady deserves finer fare!† â€Å"Thalia, please,† I said. â€Å"Not a comment on you, Pocket. Your serving style is lovely, but the bread is rubbish.† Then to Mother Basil. â€Å"Don’t blame the boy, Reverend Mother, he’s a love.† Mother Basil grabbed me by the ear and dragged me out of the chamber. â€Å"You’re a love, Pocket,† said the anchoress. Mother Basil locked me in a closet in her chambers, then mid-way through the night, opened the door and handed in a crust of bread and a chamber pot. â€Å"Stay here until the bishop is on his way in the morning, and if anyone asks, you’ve been hung.† â€Å"Yes, Reverend Mother,† said I. She came to get me the next morning and hustled me out through the chapel. I’d never seen her so distraught. â€Å"You’ve been like a son to me, Pocket,† she said, fussing about me, strapping a satchel and other bits of kit on me. â€Å"So it’s going to pain me to send you off.† â€Å"But, Reverend Mother – â€Å" â€Å"Hush, lad. We’ll take you to the barn, hang you in front of a few farmers, then you’re off to the south to meet up with a group of mummers[21] who will take you in.† â€Å"Beggin’ pardon, mum, but if I’m hung, what will mummers do with me, a puppet show?† â€Å"I’ll not really hang you, just make it look good. We have to, lad, the bishop ordered it.† â€Å"Since when does the bishop order nuns to hang people?† â€Å"Since you shagged the anchoress, Pocket.† At the mention of her I broke away from Mother Basil, ran through the abbey, down the old corridor and into the antechamber. The arrow cross was gone, completely bricked up and mortared in. â€Å"Thalia! Thalia!† I called. I screamed and beat the stones until my fists bled, but not a sound came from the other side of the wall. Ever. The sisters pulled me away, tied my hands, and took me to the barn where I was hanged. How to cite Fool Chapter 6, Essay examples

Misjudgment an individual or a group Essay Example

Misjudgment: an individual or a group Essay There are several misjudgments about students or student’s community at large. A new student, who enters the college for the first time, makes an impression of himself on the minds of his friends, teachers and others, with whom he interacts. (For convenience of writing this essay the male gender has been chosen) This impression is made consciously. Most students try to project a positive impression, yet the image created invariably varies with each person .The image the student tries to project may not be the image the receiver is getting. This creates various misjudgments. Very few students are able to overcome it. Misjudgments may occur on both the sides. A student may not be able to grasp what his teacher wants to say in a given situation. May be the underlining meaning of the words are more important to teacher. But the student may respond to the superficial meaning of the words. For example, when a teacher announces â€Å"I want the attendance to be 100%†, he may b e conveying that, not only is the presence of the student wanted, he also wants the student to come prepared with the lesson. Whereas, the student gets the message that the teacher wants him to be present in every class, oblivious of the message that the teacher also wants his full attention in the class.Misjudgment may also arise out of prejudice. When a teacher meets the students for the first time, he may be biased or nonbiased about the class. It is easy to create an impression with a non-biased teacher. But a biased teacher has already some information about the student, or a group of students. He forms his idea of the student based on the information he already has. Yet there is possibility that the information passed on to the teacher is inadequate and incorrect. It may have come from another individual, who is already biased about the student. For example a teacher may know his student as an aggressive person. But the fact may be that the student is a shy, introvert person. It is possible that he was aggressive with someone, who had some behavioral problem, or might have acted, in a rude fashion with him. It is therefore not fair that a student be judged from any other person’s perspective and reported. It requires that a teacher has his own judgments of a student, which is based on the teacher’s personal assessment. A student may be labeled as non-responsive in class. Yet the fact may be that the student has been rebuked or has faced an insult while responding in an earlier session. Such incidents often discourage a student to come up with response in an open discussion or debate.There are occasions when language is a limitation, and the student cannot communicate properly and effectively in a classroom situation. He may not be confident about the language spoken in a class and feels inhibited to express himself. In such situations, the image of the student is very likely to be misjudged. The student may be very good in expressing in wri tten language, but may feel shy to speak. He may not be able to express himself with confidence, making him non-responsive in a classroom situation. Often, in a college campus, the students who cannot speak fluent English are shunned .A student who is new with a language will always hesitate to speak it. He will be guided by the underlying fear of mispronunciation, wrong usage or incorrect grammar. Naturally, he will be apprehensive about the usage of the language in public. This normal reaction of the student may not be judged correctly and he may be labeled as a snob and choosy by his friends and teachers. Yet the student may have all the intrinsic values that go on to build the character of a person and should be respected for it.Ego of a student often plays an important role in his expressions. A competent student will be confident and have a higher opinion of the self. It is likely that he will project himself accordingly in a class. It may be taken inappropriately by teachers and fellow students .An opinion about him is likely to be haughty, obstinate and over confident. In reality, he may be a vibrant, expressive and supportive student oozing with confidence. It takes time, situation and patience to judge a person. It may be grossly wrong to label him as a typecast.It is not uncommon to find students from various communities, colors and races labeled. It creates misjudgments about them, without giving them an opportunity to express and prove themselves. Such misjudgments may occur regarding the educational background of the race, economic condition of the student’s country of origin and religion followed. Yet the student, a citizen of the modern world with modern education might have left behind all stigma and differentiation. He may have very open and positive idea of world and its affairs. It is solely misappropriate to label him to a group’s behavior pattern. For example, a student from Southeast Asia following Buddhism may be labeled a mild and subdued person. But in reality, the person may be vivacious, articulate and knowledgeable with a competitive edge. Thus, labeling does not help.It only paves the way whereby misconceptions are formed and misjudgments are made. Miscasting any student or a group of student to a belief declines the confidence on him or the group’s ability to perform. It is therefore important that before a judgment is made, enough thought be given on the issue. Enquires need to be made to know the individual or the group, so that assessment is made on observation only. Misinformation received and misjudgments made on an individual can mar the individual’s academic ascension as well as career advancement. It is, therefore, imperative that due consideration to various facets of a students life be given before generalizing on him or labeling them.

3 Types of Recommendation Letters

3 Types of Recommendation Letters A recommendation letter is a written reference that offers information about your character. Recommendation letters may include details about your personality, work ethic, community involvement, and/or academic achievements. Recommendation letters are used by many people for many different occasions. There are three basic categories or recommendation letters: academic recommendations, employment recommendations, and character recommendations. Here is an overview of each type of recommendation letter along with information on who uses them and why. Academic Recommendation Letters Academic letters of recommendation are typically used by students during the admissions process. During admissions, most schools- undergraduate and graduate alike- expect to see at least one, preferably two or three, recommendation letters for each applicant. Recommendation letters provide admission committees with information that may or may not be found in a college application, including academic and work achievements, character references, and personal details. Students might request recommendations from former teachers, principals, deans, coaches, and other education professionals who are familiar with the students academic experience or extracurricular achievements. Other recommenders may include employers, community leaders, or mentors. Employment Recommendations Letters of recommendation for employment and career references are a major tool of individuals who are trying to get a new job. Recommendations can be put on a website, sent in with a resume, supplied when an application is filled out, used as part of a portfolio, or handed out during employment interviews. Most employers ask job candidates for at least three career references. Therefore, its a good idea for job seekers to have at least three recommendation letters on hand. Generally, employment recommendation letters include information about employment history, job performance, work ethic, and personal accomplishments. The letters are usually written by former (or current employers) or a direct supervisor. Coworkers are also acceptable, but not as desirable as employers or supervisors. Job applicants who do not have enough formal work experience to secure recommendations from an employer or supervisor should seek recommendations from community or volunteer organizations. Academic mentors are also an option. Character References Character recommendations or character references are often used for housing accommodations, legal situations, child adoption, and other similar situations where understanding a persons character is important. Almost everyone needs this type of recommendation letter at some point in their life. These recommendation letters are often written by former employers, landlords, business associates, neighbors, doctors, acquaintances, etc. The most appropriate person varies depending on what the letter of recommendation will be used for. Asking For a Recommendation Letter You should never wait until the last minute to get a recommendation letter. It is important to give your letter writers time to craft a useful letter that will make the right impression. Start seeking academic recommendations at least two months before you need them. Employment recommendations can be collected throughout your work life. Before you leave a job, ask your employer or supervisor for a recommendation. You should try to get a recommendation from every supervisor you have worked for. You should also get recommendation letters from landlords, people you pay money to, and people you do business with so that you have character references on hand should you ever need them.

Mapusaurus - Facts and Figures

Mapusaurus - Facts and Figures Name: Mapusaurus (indigenous/Greek for earth lizard); pronounced MAP-oo-SORE-us Habitat: Woodlands of South America Historical Period: Middle Cretaceous (100 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 40 feet long and three tons Diet: Meat Distinguishing Characteristics: Large size; serrated teeth; powerful legs and tail About Mapusaurus Mapusaurus was discovered all at once, and in a big heapan excavation in South America in 1995 that yielded hundreds of jumbled bones, which required years of work by paleontologists to sort out and analyze. It wasnt until 2006 that the official diagnosis of Mapusaurus was released to the press: this middle Cretaceous menace was a 40-foot-long, three-ton theropod (i.e., meat-eating dinosaur) closely related to the even bigger Giganotosaurus. (Technically, both Mapusaurus and Giganotosaurus are classified as carcharodontosaurid theropods, meaning theyre both also related to Carcharodontosaurus, the great white shark lizard of middle Cretaceous Africa.) Interestingly, the fact that so many Mapusaurus bones were discovered jumbled together (amounting to seven individuals of different ages) can be taken as evidence of herd, or pack, behaviorthat is, this meat-eater may have hunted cooperatively in order to take down the huge titanosaurs that shared its South American habitat (or at least the juveniles of these titanosaurs, since a fully grown, 100-ton Argentinosaurus would have been virtually immune from predation). On the other hand, a flash flood or other natural disaster could also have resulted in a significant accumulation of unrelated Mapusaurus individuals, so this pack-hunting hypothesis should be taken with a big grain of prehistoric salt!

Mapusaurus - Facts and Figures

Mapusaurus - Facts and Figures Name: Mapusaurus (indigenous/Greek for earth lizard); pronounced MAP-oo-SORE-us Habitat: Woodlands of South America Historical Period: Middle Cretaceous (100 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 40 feet long and three tons Diet: Meat Distinguishing Characteristics: Large size; serrated teeth; powerful legs and tail About Mapusaurus Mapusaurus was discovered all at once, and in a big heapan excavation in South America in 1995 that yielded hundreds of jumbled bones, which required years of work by paleontologists to sort out and analyze. It wasnt until 2006 that the official diagnosis of Mapusaurus was released to the press: this middle Cretaceous menace was a 40-foot-long, three-ton theropod (i.e., meat-eating dinosaur) closely related to the even bigger Giganotosaurus. (Technically, both Mapusaurus and Giganotosaurus are classified as carcharodontosaurid theropods, meaning theyre both also related to Carcharodontosaurus, the great white shark lizard of middle Cretaceous Africa.) Interestingly, the fact that so many Mapusaurus bones were discovered jumbled together (amounting to seven individuals of different ages) can be taken as evidence of herd, or pack, behaviorthat is, this meat-eater may have hunted cooperatively in order to take down the huge titanosaurs that shared its South American habitat (or at least the juveniles of these titanosaurs, since a fully grown, 100-ton Argentinosaurus would have been virtually immune from predation). On the other hand, a flash flood or other natural disaster could also have resulted in a significant accumulation of unrelated Mapusaurus individuals, so this pack-hunting hypothesis should be taken with a big grain of prehistoric salt!

Mapusaurus - Facts and Figures

Mapusaurus - Facts and Figures Name: Mapusaurus (indigenous/Greek for earth lizard); pronounced MAP-oo-SORE-us Habitat: Woodlands of South America Historical Period: Middle Cretaceous (100 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 40 feet long and three tons Diet: Meat Distinguishing Characteristics: Large size; serrated teeth; powerful legs and tail About Mapusaurus Mapusaurus was discovered all at once, and in a big heapan excavation in South America in 1995 that yielded hundreds of jumbled bones, which required years of work by paleontologists to sort out and analyze. It wasnt until 2006 that the official diagnosis of Mapusaurus was released to the press: this middle Cretaceous menace was a 40-foot-long, three-ton theropod (i.e., meat-eating dinosaur) closely related to the even bigger Giganotosaurus. (Technically, both Mapusaurus and Giganotosaurus are classified as carcharodontosaurid theropods, meaning theyre both also related to Carcharodontosaurus, the great white shark lizard of middle Cretaceous Africa.) Interestingly, the fact that so many Mapusaurus bones were discovered jumbled together (amounting to seven individuals of different ages) can be taken as evidence of herd, or pack, behaviorthat is, this meat-eater may have hunted cooperatively in order to take down the huge titanosaurs that shared its South American habitat (or at least the juveniles of these titanosaurs, since a fully grown, 100-ton Argentinosaurus would have been virtually immune from predation). On the other hand, a flash flood or other natural disaster could also have resulted in a significant accumulation of unrelated Mapusaurus individuals, so this pack-hunting hypothesis should be taken with a big grain of prehistoric salt!

Business peer review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business peer review - Essay Example The labeling is clear and the table of content is functional. This improves the quality of the report. The author attempts to justify the study. He provides an appropriate background information about the problem. This way, he succeeds in explaining the relevance of the report by outlining the nature of the problem. Do the author’s recommendations seem to follow from the information he or she has presented? Are the recommendations based on sound reasoning, and are they clearly written with the intended audience in mind? The recommendations are consistent with his research findings. They strive to resolve the problem he alludes to in the first paragraphs. This way, he maintains coherence to the topical issue and the problem he introduced in the first paragraph. The writing style is clear and concise thus making the report both cohesive and coherent. He uses simple yet descriptive language. This enhances the quality of the paper since it targets a wider

Fire Protection Hydraulics and Water Supply Essay

Fire Protection Hydraulics and Water Supply - Essay Example o different parts of a building and for local distribution to the miniature network of pipes in the building and they convey water to these respective regions in large quantities. They are more reliable when two or more primary feeder systems are extended by independent means from the supply source to the most important regions of the municipality (Brannigan & Corbett ,2008). Secondary feeders are water distribution systems that are made up of network of pipes that are quite smaller in size to the Primary feeder system. They strengthen the water distribution system and are surrounded by different sections of the primary feeder system. The Secondary feeder system helps in the full concentration of water and control the rate of fire flow that is required at a particular region in a building. It is necessary to give two water delivery directions to any spot; hence the secondary feeder system must be arranged in loops (Brannigan & Corbett ,2008). Distributors are the smallest class of the water distribution system as they consist of much smaller mains when compared to the primary and secondary feeder system. The distributor system is mainly used for specific fire hydrants and individual units of users(Brannigan & Corbett

An approach to historical analysis

An approach to historical analysis Introduction In Part III of ‘The Mediterranean (1949), Braudel, placed history of events low in his value hierarchy, while in his two biographies on Charles V and Philippe II (Braudel 1994 Exrits sur lhistoire II), he demonstrated his deep understanding of traditional history. Braudel departed from the commonly accepted views of traditional history and postulated the longue dur ´ee and conjoncture perspectives. With his understanding of existing theories Braudel was able to exposed structural images of important themes which were in it-self a landmark in historiography. Fernand Braudel (1902-1985) Braudel in ‘Capitalism was not interested in details from both archives and secondary literature rather he embarked on the premise of complex images within a chosen framework. This he was able to accomplish by classifying capitalism into three levels, that is, daily life market activities; production and exchange within the national market; international capital flow and trade at the world economy level. Braudels Historiography A main feature in understanding Braudels historiography is the assimilation of time and space in analyzing historical events. In addition to this methodology Braudel has elucidated new concepts which enable an understanding of time and space individually. To fully appreciate his contribution it becomes paramount to enter into discussion the way history was analyze in a conventional setting. Historical Concepts Longue Dur ´Ee, Conjuncture, Event-History, Economie-Monde And Total History Conventionally history was seen through the lens of a linear time frame or either emphasized historical changes in different geographic areas. Braudel on the other hand, applied a set of historical concepts for example, dur ´ee, conjoncture, event-history, economie-monde and total history to subjects such as the Mediterranean world and engender significant insights into history. In analyzing historical time Braudel has promulgated long-term (longue dur ´ee), mid-term (conjuncture) and short-term (event-history) views which simply demonstrates the possibility that several concepts of historical time can co-exist within a single particular subject which is being analyzed. When analyzing historical space Braudel emphasized the economie-monde and this concept he proceeded to analyze as the economic-world that is not defined by either politics or cultures but by the exchange of goods and services. Interestingly, Braudel considered both temporal and spatial elements and proceed on the premise that these four concepts are intermarried in such a way; culminating in what he termed ‘total history that is historie totale or histoire globale. Longue Dur ´ee In an even more positive vein Braudel concept of historical time relied on allotments. In other words, Braudel has taken a century or longer as a unit of analysis and calls this longue dur ´ee. Ten to fifty years he calls conjuncture whilst short calendar time is subsumed into another allotment. Capitalizing on calendar time which is no stranger to traditional history and utilizing conjuncture which is a term used in economics, but extended by Braudel to non-economic aspects of history such as social and cultural changes. Braudel then extended the concept of longue dur ´ee; thus claiming that longue dur ´ee is a most suitable tool when investigating the slow changing and structurally stable aspects of history. In so doing he has fundamentally permitted the advantages of each method to compliment each other and minimized their inadequacies. With an astute understanding of the existing historical theories Braudel in reviewing longue dur ´ee elucidated, â€Å"It was when I was constructing my book on the Mediterranean I was led to divide the times of history according to their different speeds, according to different temporalities. I think there are actually rapid times, longer times, and almost immobile times. But it was in the end of this course, not by a preliminary operation, that I arrived at this conception of time of history. Similarly, the longue dur ´ee of which I am the advocator, it was an artifice by which I was escaped from certain tangible difficulties. I did not think to longue dur ´ee before writing my book on the Mediterranean†, (Braudel, 1978, pp 244-5). Perhaps Braudel was so zealous about longue dur ´ee due to his sojourn in captivity during World War II. He wrote: â€Å"I myself, during a rather gloomy captivity, struggled a good deal to get away from a chronicle of those difficult years (1940-5). Rejecting events and the time in which events take place was a way of placing oneself to one side, sheltered, so as to get some sort of perspective, to be able to evaluate them better, and not wholly to believe in them. To go from the short time span, to one less short, and then to the long view (which, if it exists, must surely be the wise mans time span); and having got there, to think about everything afresh and to reconstruct everything around me: a historian could-hardly not be tempted by such a prospect†, (Braudel, 1969, pp 47-8, and p 77). Conjoncture Conjoncture is a French word and there is no English equivalent. It is in this vein that the Petit Robert French dictionary explains that conjuncture is a, â€Å"Situation resulting from an encounter of circumstances and which is considered as the point of departure of an evolution, an action†. â€Å"The study of conjuncture is to study an occasional situation as opposed to structure in view of a prevision†. This explanation swims in the same stream as Braudels since his theory is based on changes and mutations in economic factors, for example, population growth, production output, and price changes. According to Gemelli, and Braudel it is also used to describe social trends, for example, â€Å"conjuncture, paysanne, conjuncture seinneuriale†, (Gemelli, 1995 p 107 and Braudel, 1991 p 48). This economic perception of Braudel led him to proceed on the premise that, â€Å"†¦ the term conjoncture, †¦ suggest possible new directions for research and some te ntative explanatory hypotheses. †¦ Conjunctural analysis, †¦ is however one of the necessary means of historical explanation and as such, a useful formulation of the problem†, (Braudel â€Å"The Mediterranean† pp 892, 899). These converging lines of evidence enable the concept of conjuncture to develop since as he so succinctly stated, â€Å"Traditional history, with its concern for the short time span, for the individual and the event, has long accustomed us to the headlong, dramatic, breathless rush of it narrative. The new economic and social history puts cyclical movement in the forefront of its research and is committed to that time span side by side with traditional narrative history, there is an account of conjunctures which lays open large sections of the past, ten, twenty, fifty years at a stretch ready for examination†, (Braudel, 1969, p 27,and p 29). Event-History The structured way of writing history was the method of using exact dates, names, cause-consequences and places. Braudel interestedly rejected this approach since he wanted to analyze and by extension sound harmonies with the overall environment, structure and movement; so as to yield an impersonal and collective aspects of historical changes. Braudel later developed an even greater interest in specific events as can be evidenced from a passage from his notes and his conception about events. Quoting from his personal notebook (f*23), undated, entitled â€Å"LHistoire, mesure du temps (History, measure of time)†. The notebook belongs to the Archives Braudel and may still not be public. Braudel mentioned the State of Bahia (Brazil) in this passage and it is well known that he taught at Sao Paulo University during 1936-1937. It stands to reason therefore, that this idea was documented before he wrote â€Å"The Mediterranean†, â€Å"One evening, in the State of Bahia, I suddenly found myself being surrounded by a tremendous number of fireflies. They were lighting here and there, more or less in high place, countless, just like many too brief sparkles, but shed sufficient light to see the landscape. This is so with events†, (Gemelli, 1995:84 / Braudel, 1969:10). This metaphor aptly describes that events are like the light from fireflies which is often brief and weak. Many criticized Braudel, for example, Hargor in 1986, but for others he was truly the master of event-history. Fuelled by a changed attitude by the 1960s Braudel wrote, â€Å"Every event, however brief, has to be sure a contribution to make, to light up some dark corner or even some wide vista of history. I am by no means the sworn enemy of the event. In the first place, this kind of history tends to recognize only important events, building its hypotheses only on foundations which are solid or assumed to be so. Another is the event with far-reaching consequences and repercussions as Henri Pirenne was fond of remarking†, (Braudel, â€Å"The Mediterranean†, pp 901-902). Economie-Monde (Economic-World) Braudels concept of economie-monde was inspired by German geographers, that is, by the work of Friz Rorig Mittelalterliche Weltwirtschaft: Blute und Ende Einer Weltwirtschaftsperiode 1933, (Gemelli, 1995, p 125 / Capitalism III p 634 note 4). At the time of this conception Braudel was in the thinking process of â€Å"The Mediterranean†. During this period however, he perceived that the Mediterranean world was a kind of economie-monde, and this was later expressed in â€Å"The Mediterranean† at pp 418 419. Relative to this, Braudel made a clear dichotomy between economie-monde (economic-world, a huge network of economic exchanges) from economie mondiale (world economy, which refers to such as the global impacts of the Oil Shock of the 1970s). It is evident that Braudel embarked on the premise that the economic-world model was based on the Mediterranean economy. On the heels of this construction is the believed that models for other economie-mondels would no doubt have a similar construction when a comparison is made. This can best be illustrated from a section in â€Å"The Mediterranean† where Braudel stated, â€Å"Have we here enough material to measure the Mediterranean, to construct a comprehensive, quantitative ‘model of its economy? As a unit it could then be compared to other ‘world-economies [economic-worlds would be a better translation] either bordering on or connected to the Mediterranean†, (Braudel, â€Å"The Mediterranean†, pp 418-419). Braudel enables one to make greater sense of what a center means to an economie-monde when he provided a definition of it as it relates to the Mediterranean, â€Å"This world (the Mediterranean), sixty days long, was, indeed, broadly speaking a Weltwirtschaft, a world-economy ( ´economie-monde), a self- contained universe. All world-economies ( ´economie-monde) for instance recognize a center, some focal point that acts as a stimulus to other regions and is essential to the existence of the economic unit as a whole. Quite clearly in the Mediterranean in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries that center was a narrow urban quadrilateral: Venice, Milan, Genoa, Florence, with conflicts and inter-town rivalries as the relative weight of each city changed. The center of gravity can gradually be seen to shift from Venice, where it still lay at the beginning of the century, to Genoa, where it was so brilliantly established between 1550 and 1575†. In line with this theoretical viewpoint, the center was not a single city, but comprised of four cities; and that with the center of gravity changing between them. Total History The term total history is a methodological claim of historical writing. Braudel is an advocate of this strain and using histoire globale and histoire totale interchangeably he states, â€Å"Similarly, the globalite, histoire globale that I defend, imposed on me little by little. That is something extremely simple, so simple that most of my colleagues in history do not understand me. On the contrary, this does not hinder them to attack me fiercely. . . . The globalite, is not an intention to write a total history of the world. It is not this kind of puerile, sympathetic and crazy pretension. It is simply the desire, when one approaches a problem, to go beyond the limits systematically. There is no historical problem, in my view, that is separated by walls, that is independent†, (Braudel, 1978, p 245). In short, Braudels advocated interdisciplinary studies, going beyond the limits of well-defined topical studies. Secondly, he postulated that history should be observed and studied from diverse angles, with it being beneficial to expand the duration of observation (longue dur ´ee) and to extend the geographic areas, such that extensive comparison will lead to significant results. Finally, and in line with this, he found it essential to combine the time dimension (three kinds of historical time) and the space dimension (geo-history, economie-monde) in order to investigate the complexity of the subject in question. (See Figure I for Braudels concept of Total History) A Century Other Century Source: Authors Adaption Diverging Views On Total History Contrary to this strain Furet, a member of the Annales School, wrote, â€Å"Yet the idea of ‘total history is elusive. ‘Total history merely expresses the ambition of providing a fuller perspective, a more exhaustive description, a more comprehensive explanation of a given object or problem than provided by the social sciences whose conceptual and methodological innovations it has borrowed†, (Furet, 1983, p 394). Swimming in the same stream was Stoianovick who interestingly argued that, â€Å"One major obstacle to histoire globale arises from the fact that histoire globale has been much more the product of individual genius than of systematic theory†, (Stoianovich, 1978, p 20). These views lends easily to Pierre Chaunu, a former student of Braudel, and a Membre de lInstitut whocategorically who categorically stated, â€Å"There cannot be a total history. All knowledge is necessarily selective, a rational choice. total history, in its basic meaning, is evidently a non- sense. It is a wish, it marks an direction, .†, (Coutau-B ´egarie, 1983, pp 96, 99). It is apparent that Braudels views came under scrutiny. However, it is necessary to understand that Braudels total history concept is not intended to describe everything, that is, every aspect of the subject but rather it is intended to ‘make it appear an organized structure rather that a ‘mere heap†, (Popper, 1961, pp 76-77). The Contribution Of Braudels Five Concepts Braudels five key concepts discussed above made in-roads or contributions to the historical analysis of time and space. With respect to historical time, he expanded the conventional single-speed, linear-movement of historical time into a set of historical times that can be separated into short-term, medium-team and long-term. These terms co-exist, and each has its own speed, life and function; they are inter-related and inter-acting. As to his contribution to historical space Braudels hypothesis was  ´economie-monde, a concept that some would say was not well presented in ‘The Mediterranean but finally clarified three decades later in ‘Capitalism. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Braudels Methodology Braudels concepts are flexible and this can be considered its major advantage, since Braudels believed that the use of his concept would generate historical insight rather than rigorous ones. The disadvantage however can be seen through the lens of misunderstandings on the one hand and on the other the challenge of a writer combining all the various disciplines, for example, geography, demography cultural studies, economics and so on which is required when applying Braudels notion of total history. This challenge may not be an easy one for the writer to overcome. Further, it has been said that his theories lack clear and / or strong interpretation and that he seldom attempted firsthand penetrating investigation on any specific topic. Conclusion Braudels historiography can be seen as one philosophical approach to historical analysis. While this approach is not global and eternal it can be used as a viable tool in the study of history. In essence his historiography is not a final dictum but rather can be seen as a contribution to historical studies and a foundation to be built upon. Bibliography Braudel, F. (1949): La Mediterranee et le monde mediterraneen a l ´epoque de Philippe II, Paris: Armand Colin (2 volumes), 9e edition (1990). Translated from the French by S. Reynolds in 1972, Fontana (1995, 15th impression): The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, 2 volumes. Braudel, F. (1969): Ecrits sur lhistoire, Paris: Flammarion (Collection Champs No. 23). English translation by Sarah Mathews (1980): On History, University of Chicago Press. Braudel, F. (1977): Afterthoughts on Material Civilization and Capitalism, Johns Hopkins University Press, translated from the French by Patricia Ranum. The French version: La dynamique du capitalism (1988), Paris: Flammarion (Champs No. 192). Braudel, F. (1977) ed.: La Mediterranee, lespace et lhistoire (volume 1); La M ´editerran ´ee, les hommes et lh ´eritage (volume 2), Paris: Arts et M ´etiers Graphiques; reprinted by  ´ Edition Flammarion, 1986, Collection Champs Nos. 156, 167. Braudels concepts and methodology reconsidered. The European Legacy, 2000, 5(1): 65-86 (Taylor Francis). Chaunu, Pierre (1992): La M ´editerrannee cest Braudel, LHistoire, juillet/ao.ut, pp. 71-3. Coutau-B ´egarie, H. (1989): Le phenomene â€Å"Nouvelle histoire†: strategie et ideologie des nouveaux historiens, Paris: Economica (Second Edition). Furet, Franc ¸ois (1983): Beyond the Annales, Journal of Modern History, 55:389-410. Gemelli, Giuliana (1995): Fernand Braudel, Paris: Editions Odile Jacob. Popper, Karl (1961): The Poverty of Historicism, London: Routledge. Stoianovich, Traian (1978): Social history: perspective of the Annales Paradigm, Review, 1(3/4):19-48.

Warren Harding Error

Malcolm Gladwell in this book proposes that people have the ability to unconsciously think without consciously thinking. That we could arrive at decisions, resolutions, and judgments without thinking too much and it is likely to be as good as when we consciously think deeply. Gladwell defines thin-slicing as that ability of our unconscious to find patterns in situations and behavior based on very narrow slices of experience. He tells us that we have a crucial brain activity that keeps us able to function by silently processing daily stimulus called our adaptive unconscious.An individual is unaware of such brain process thus making it to a great extent uncontrollable. He gave a good example called the â€Å"Warren Harding Error† which is thin-slicing in a superficial level and giving too much emphasis on the snap judgment. The author used a combination of scientific studies (Implicit Association Test), historical accounts (Warren Harding), social happenings (discrimination), no table trends (Coke v Pepsi), and simple day to day observations regarding the creation of snap-judgments called thin-slicing.The book opens our eyes to the fact that in coming up with judgments and decisions, we are not always value-neutral. That in coming up with these judgment and decisions regarding just about anything there is the factor of time and careful investigation. The author used evidences that strengthen the theory that we indeed rely on our own adaptive unconscious and that we are capable at arriving on a decision that is accurate. An example would be the how the fake kouros was identified from a mere hunch. He points out also there is an also likely chance that our way of thinking would be impaired by day to day bombardment of stimulus.An example would be the Warren Harding Error which lets us stop from thinking beyond what we already figured. It keeps us away from weighing the need to look beyond what we thin-slice. It is important for us not to rely too much on our snap judgment and we should know when to apply such judgments. Crucial moments and decision making in such moments still require thinking twice and doubting and thin-slicing must then give way to rational thinking and decision making. Along this line, the author also wishes for us to remember that stereotyping is also a tool for thin-slicing.It is then important for us to consciously be able to look beyond our stereotyped ideas. While it may be unconsciously done, our knowledge of our disposition would bring it out in the conscious level. Finally, it should also be noted that at times there is a need for the isolation of our criteria for judgment. The unconscious is able to seep through the creation of the judgment although it is not in line with the true nature of our decision (you may hate President Bush not because of his policies on war but because of his southern drawl).In this situations there is a need to focus on what really should be considered. The book is applicable in al most all facets of life. Even in law, the theories pushed by the author finds application . Although not apparent, its application to the legal system tells us that Law is governed by human features (i. e. flaws and strengths). Think about how often we thin –slice, judges or juries are also able to thin-slice without them knowing it.It is value neutral yet it never takes away the fact that it could work for or against anyone thus reasonability and equality really does not exist. What is crucial at this point is that we accept that people indeed thin-slice and that we really are able to come up with a sound judgment regardless of the length of time that we think and whoever we are. We may never realize this but we thin-slice every day, we thin slice people at the first moment we meet them, we thin slice every day, we stereotype, and we need to realize this.

Mind-Mapping Tools for Academic Writing

Mind-mapping is an extremely useful technique that can be successfully used in almost any kind of creative endeavor, academic writing included. It helps you organize your thoughts and ideas, gives an opportunity to see things from a different angle, find new connections between seemingly unrelated aspects of your work. However, drawing mind maps on your own is awkward, messy and inconvenient – but luckily there are mind-mapping tools either specifically designed with academic writing in mind or the ones that simple are greatly suited for it. 1.  FreeMind If you’ve never used a mind-map and have no idea how to do it, then you possibly should start with FreeMind – it is your basic tool that is so simple that it just can’t go wrong. And after you learn a little bit you may move on to something a little bit more fancy. FreeMind is probably one of the most popular and universal mind-mapping programs – despite being rather old (it appeared long before mind-mapping became so trendy), it still comes highly recommended. It is free, open-source, easy to install, runs on Windows, Linux and MacOS and is updated relatively regularly. 2.  Docear Docear started out as a humble modification of FreeMind, but in course of time grew into what its developers call an academic literature suite – a tool that helps you organize, write and find academic literature. Among other things, it allows you to sort documents citations into different groups, view annotations from multiple documents at the same time, manage your pdfs, find recommendations of free papers on your topic that you can immediately download and much more. Mind mapping is just one of the things this suite is capable of, which makes it a convenient multi-purpose solution for academic writers – not to mention that it is free and open-source. 3.  Bubble.us Bubble.us puts its stake on simplicity and availability. It may have a lot of different options, but it has one important advantage: you don’t have to download and install anything. All you have to do is to sign up, and after that you can start mind-mapping whenever you are wherever you want, from any device – all your mind-maps are connected to your account and can be accessed whenever you need them. Basic version is free, for additional option you have to pay a small monthly fee. 4.  Coggle Another instrument aimed at simplicity, this time coming from such a well-reputed company as Google. Clean and simple design, nothing excessive, completely free, and it works as a web app, which means that it works both on PC and Mac. 5.  iMindMap iMindMap is a program promoted by Tony Buzan, a well-known popularizer of mind-mapping technique. It is beautifully designed, allows you to draw mind maps using different forms and colors, offers a lot of options†¦ but one can’t but think that it is a tiny bit overpriced, with the cheapest version costing as much as $100, especially taking into account the abundance of cheap and free alternatives. Mind mapping is a powerful technique that can fire up your creativity even if you are tired or bored – and with the right tools it is achieved even easier.